![](\"https:\/\/qaynarinfo.az\/file\/pic\/xeber\/2020-05\/1590431085_untitled-1.jpg\")
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Az\u0259rbaycan Qida T\u0259hl\u00fck\u0259sizliyi \u0130nstitutunun Heyvan x\u0259st\u0259likl\u0259rinin v\u0259 heyvan m\u0259n\u015f\u0259li m\u0259hsullar\u0131n t\u0259dqiqi sektorunun \u0259m\u0259kda\u015flar\u0131 “\u018ft v\u0259 \u0259t m\u0259hsullar\u0131n\u0131n faydas\u0131 v\u0259 z\u0259r\u0259rli x\u00fcsusiyy\u0259tl\u0259ri” adl\u0131 elmi m\u0259qal\u0259 yaz\u0131b.<\/span><\/p>\n
Qaynarinfo<\/b> “report”a istinad\u0259n h\u0259min m\u0259qal\u0259ni t\u0259qdim edir:<\/p>\n
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<\/p>\n \u018ft \u2013 enerji v\u0259 protein m\u0259nb\u0259yi olmaqla yana\u015f\u0131, h\u0259m d\u0259 y\u00fcks\u0259k bioloji d\u0259y\u0259r\u0259 malik qida m\u0259hsuludur. \u0130nsan orqanizminin inki\u015faf\u0131, h\u00fcceyr\u0259l\u0259rin yenil\u0259nm\u0259si, b\u0259rpas\u0131, qan \u0259m\u0259l\u0259 g\u0259lm\u0259si, sinir sisteminin m\u00f6hk\u0259ml\u0259nm\u0259sind\u0259 v\u0259 d\u0259rinin sa\u011flaml\u0131\u011f\u0131nda m\u00fch\u00fcm rol oynayan \u0259tin t\u0259rkibind\u0259 16-20% z\u00fclal, 2-40% ya\u011f, karbohidratlar, mineral madd\u0259l\u0259r, fermentl\u0259r, h\u0259m\u00e7inin azotlu v\u0259 azotsuz ekstraktiv madd\u0259l\u0259r vard\u0131r. Heyvan\u0131n n\u00f6v\u00fc, ya\u015f\u0131 v\u0259 b\u0259sl\u0259nm\u0259si il\u0259 \u0259laq\u0259dar olaraq, \u0259tin kimy\u0259vi t\u0259rkibi faiz g\u00f6st\u0259ricil\u0259rin\u0259 g\u00f6r\u0259 m\u00fcxt\u0259lif olur.<\/p>\n
\u018ftin t\u0259rkibind\u0259ki tam d\u0259y\u0259rli z\u00fclallara misal olaraq miozin, miogen, aktin, mioqlobin v\u0259 s. g\u00f6st\u0259rm\u0259k olar. \u018ft\u0259 q\u0131rm\u0131z\u0131l\u0131q ver\u0259n is\u0259 mioqlobin z\u00fclal\u0131d\u0131r. Miozin v\u0259 miogen z\u00fclallar\u0131 ferment rolu oynamaqla, \u0259t \u0259z\u0259l\u0259sind\u0259 ged\u0259n fizioloji prosesl\u0259ri s\u00fcr\u0259tl\u0259ndirir. Mioqlobin t\u0259rkibc\u0259 qan hemoqlobinin\u0259 ox\u015fard\u0131r. Tam d\u0259y\u0259rli olmayan \u0259t z\u00fclallar\u0131na is\u0259 elastin v\u0259 kollageni misal g\u00f6st\u0259rm\u0259k olar ki, bunlar t\u0259rkibc\u0259 birl\u0259\u015fdirici toxumaya aid olmaqla, insan orqanizmi t\u0259r\u0259find\u0259n \u00e7\u0259tin m\u0259nims\u0259nilir.<\/p>\n
Mal \u0259tinin t\u0259rkibind\u0259ki ya\u011flar onun qidal\u0131l\u0131q d\u0259y\u0259rini, kalorililiyini, h\u0259m\u00e7inin dad\u0131n\u0131 yax\u015f\u0131la\u015fd\u0131rmaqla asan m\u0259nims\u0259nilir. \u018ftin t\u0259rkibind\u0259ki ya\u011flar \u0259z\u0259l\u0259 lifl\u0259rinin aras\u0131nda inc\u0259 t\u0259b\u0259q\u0259 \u015f\u0259klind\u0259 yerl\u0259\u015fdikd\u0259 bu zaman dad x\u00fcsusiyy\u0259ti v\u0259 keyfiyy\u0259ti il\u0259 se\u00e7il\u0259n “m\u0259rm\u0259r \u0259t\u201d n\u00f6v\u00fc formala\u015f\u0131r ki, bu \u0259t n\u00f6v\u00fc istehlak\u00e7\u0131lar t\u0259r\u0259find\u0259n y\u00fcks\u0259k qiym\u0259tl\u0259ndirilir. Mal \u0259tind\u0259 toplanan ya\u011f\u0131n t\u0259rkibind\u0259 30%-\u0259 q\u0259d\u0259r doymu\u015f ali ya\u011f tur\u015fular\u0131, 0,06-0,1% miqdar\u0131nda xolesterin m\u00f6vcuddur. Ya\u011f tur\u015fular\u0131 qoyun \u0259tinin t\u0259rkibind\u0259 miqdarca daha \u00e7oxdur. Ya\u011fl\u0131 \u0259tl\u0259rin t\u0259rkibind\u0259 doymu\u015f ya\u011f v\u0259 xolesterolun daha y\u00fcks\u0259k oldu\u011funu n\u0259z\u0259r\u0259 alaraq, diabet v\u0259 hipertoniya x\u0259st\u0259likl\u0259ri olanlar ya\u011fl\u0131 q\u0131rm\u0131z\u0131 \u0259t \u0259v\u0259zin\u0259, ya\u011fs\u0131z q\u0131rm\u0131z\u0131 \u0259t v\u0259 ya d\u0259risiz toyuq, hindu\u015fka, bal\u0131q \u0259tin\u0259 \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fck verm\u0259lidirl\u0259r.<\/p>\n
\u018ftd\u0259 m\u00f6vcud olan karbohidratlar qlikogen \u015f\u0259klind\u0259 t\u0259msil olunmaqla, \u0259tin yeti\u015fm\u0259 prosesind\u0259 b\u00f6y\u00fck rol oynay\u0131r. Mineral madd\u0259l\u0259rin (Fe, K, Na, Mg v\u0259 s.) miqdar\u0131 0,8-1,3% olmaqla, \u0259tin struktur qurulu\u015funun formala\u015fmas\u0131nda i\u015ftirak edir. Bu madd\u0259l\u0259r i\u00e7\u0259risind\u0259 d\u0259mirin miqdar\u0131 daha \u00e7oxdur.<\/p>\n
\u018ftin t\u0259rkibind\u0259ki suyun miqdar\u0131 heyvan\u0131n n\u00f6v\u00fc, ya\u015f\u0131 v\u0259 saird\u0259n as\u0131l\u0131 olaraq 50-75% t\u0259\u015fkil edir. \u018ft ya\u011fl\u0131 olduqca t\u0259rkibind\u0259ki suyun miqdar\u0131 azal\u0131r. Cavan heyvan \u0259tind\u0259ki suyun miqdar\u0131 ya\u015fl\u0131 heyvan \u0259ti il\u0259 m\u00fcqayis\u0259d\u0259 daha \u00e7oxdur. Suyun miqdar\u0131 \u00e7oxald\u0131qca \u0259tin qidal\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 azal\u0131r v\u0259 xarab olmas\u0131 tezl\u0259\u015fir. \u018ftin t\u0259rkibind\u0259 A, D, E, B qrupu vitaminl\u0259rin\u0259 d\u0259 rast g\u0259linir. \u018ftin enerji d\u0259y\u0259rliliyi heyvan\u0131n n\u00f6v\u00fc, ya\u015f\u0131 v\u0259 k\u00f6kl\u00fck d\u0259r\u0259c\u0259sind\u0259n as\u0131l\u0131 olaraq 105-489 kkal aras\u0131nda d\u0259yi\u015fir.<\/p>\n
Heyvan k\u0259sildikd\u0259n sonra \u0259tin t\u0259rkibind\u0259 m\u00fcxt\u0259lif biokimy\u0259vi d\u0259yi\u015fiklikl\u0259r ba\u015f verir ki, bu da “\u0259tin yeti\u015fm\u0259 prosesi\u201d kimi tan\u0131n\u0131r.<\/p>\n
“\u018ftin yeti\u015fm\u0259si\u201d (avtoliz) – \u0259tin t\u0259rkibind\u0259 \u00f6z-\u00f6z\u00fcn\u0259 ged\u0259n kimy\u0259vi prosesl\u0259r n\u0259tic\u0259sind\u0259 onun fiziki v\u0259 kimy\u0259vi x\u00fcsusiyy\u0259tl\u0259rinin d\u0259yi\u015fm\u0259si prosesidir ki, bu zaman \u0259tin s\u0259rtliyi, n\u0259mliyi, dad\u0131, r\u0259ngi, qoxusu v\u0259 mikrobioloji prosesl\u0259r\u0259 davaml\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u0259yi\u015fir. Bu prosesd\u0259 ba\u015fl\u0131ca olaraq \u0259tin tur\u015fulu\u011fu art\u0131r ki, (pH \u2264 5,5-\u0259 q\u0259d\u0259r) bu da \u0259tin tez xarab olmas\u0131n\u0131n qar\u015f\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 al\u0131r. Ad\u0259t\u0259n t\u0259z\u0259 \u0259tin bu g\u00f6st\u0259ricisi neytral (pH =7) v\u0259 ya z\u0259if q\u0259l\u0259vi (pH=7,2) olmaqla mikroorqanizml\u0259rin inki\u015faf\u0131 \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn \u0259lveri\u015fli m\u00fchit hesab edilir. “\u018ftin yeti\u015fm\u0259si prosesi\u201dnd\u0259 onun t\u0259rkibind\u0259ki qlikogenin s\u00fcd tur\u015fusuna q\u0259d\u0259r par\u00e7alanmas\u0131 il\u0259 b\u0259rab\u0259r, eyni zamanda \u0259t z\u00fclal\u0131 fiziki – kolloid strukturunu d\u0259yi\u015f\u0259r\u0259k insan orqanizmind\u0259 daha asan m\u0259nims\u0259nil\u0259n formaya d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr. \u018ft m\u00fcvafiq temperaturda (0-40C) 3-48 saat \u0259rzind\u0259 saxland\u0131qda, “\u0259tin yeti\u015fm\u0259 prosesi\u201d q\u0259na\u0259tb\u0259x\u015f hesab edilir.<\/p>\n
T\u0259z\u0259 \u0259td\u0259n istifad\u0259 milli kulinariyam\u0131z \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn s\u0259ciyy\u0259vi olsa da, bu d\u00fczg\u00fcn yana\u015fma kimi qiym\u0259tl\u0259ndirilmir. Bu is\u0259 t\u0259z\u0259 k\u0259silmi\u015f \u0259tin biokimy\u0259vi x\u00fcsusiyy\u0259ti v\u0259 heyvan k\u0259simi zaman\u0131 stress amill\u0259rinin t\u0259siri il\u0259 \u0259m\u0259l\u0259 g\u0259l\u0259n toksiki madd\u0259l\u0259rin \u0259td\u0259 toplanmas\u0131 il\u0259 izah edilir.<\/p>\n
\u018ft insanlar \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn d\u0259y\u0259rli qida n\u00f6v\u00fc hesab edilm\u0259kl\u0259 b\u0259rab\u0259r, m\u00fcxt\u0259lif mikroorqanizml\u0259rin, o c\u00fcml\u0259d\u0259n patogenl\u0259rin inki\u015faf\u0131 \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn d\u0259 \u0259lveri\u015fli m\u00fchit\u0259 malikdir. Qeyd etm\u0259k laz\u0131md\u0131r ki, patogenl\u0259r b\u0131r s\u0131ra yoluxucu zoonoz x\u0259st\u0259likl\u0259rin (brusellyoz, qarayara, v\u0259r\u0259m v\u0259 s.) t\u00f6r\u0259dicisi olmaqla heyvanlar\u0131n \u00f6zl\u0259ri v\u0259 insanlar aras\u0131nda yoluxma yarada bil\u0259r. Parazit m\u0259n\u015f\u0259li x\u0259st\u0259likl\u0259r\u0259 (toksoplazmoz, trixinelyoz v\u0259 s.) tutulmu\u015f heyvan \u0259tinin istehlak\u0131 da insanlar\u0131n bu kimi x\u0259st\u0259likl\u0259r\u0259 yoluxmas\u0131na s\u0259b\u0259b olur.<\/p>\n
Bununla yana\u015f\u0131, heyvan k\u0259simi zaman\u0131 v\u0259 daha sonra \u0259tin saxlanma prosesind\u0259 gigiyenik qaydalara riay\u0259t edilm\u0259m\u0259si s\u0259b\u0259bind\u0259n \u0259tin m\u00fcxt\u0259lif mikroorqanizml\u0259rl\u0259 (salmonella, e\u015ferixiyakoli, kampilobakteriya, listeria, stafilokokklar, streptokokklar, klostridiumlar, \u015figella v\u0259 s.) \u00e7irkl\u0259nm\u0259si ba\u015f ver\u0259 bil\u0259r. \u0130nsanlar aras\u0131nda tez-tez rast g\u0259lin\u0259n qida m\u0259n\u015f\u0259li z\u0259h\u0259rl\u0259nm\u0259l\u0259rin (qida toksikoinfeksiyalar\u0131) \u0259sas s\u0259b\u0259bi m\u0259hz bu kimi mikroorqanizml\u0259rl\u0259 siray\u0259tl\u0259nmi\u015f \u0259t m\u0259hsullar\u0131n\u0131n istehlak\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Qeyd etdiyimiz kimi, \u0259t mikroorqanizml\u0259rin, o c\u00fcml\u0259d\u0259n viruslar\u0131n sa\u011f qalmas\u0131 \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn m\u00fcnbit m\u00fchit oldu\u011fundan, haz\u0131rda pandemiya \u015f\u0259klind\u0259 d\u00fcnyan\u0131 b\u00fcr\u00fcy\u0259n COVID-19 virusu il\u0259 m\u00fcbariz\u0259d\u0259 \u0259td\u0259n d\u00fczg\u00fcn istifad\u0259 qaydalar\u0131 yenid\u0259n aktualla\u015fm\u0131\u015fd\u0131r.<\/p>\n
B\u00fct\u00fcn bunlar\u0131 n\u0259z\u0259r\u0259 alaraq, \u0259tin s\u0259b\u0259b ola bil\u0259c\u0259yi t\u0259hl\u00fck\u0259l\u0259rin profilaktikas\u0131 m\u0259qs\u0259dil\u0259 istehlak\u00e7\u0131lar t\u0259r\u0259find\u0259n a\u015fa\u011f\u0131dak\u0131 t\u00f6vsiy\u0259l\u0259rin n\u0259z\u0259r\u0259 al\u0131nmas\u0131 m\u0259qs\u0259d\u0259uy\u011fundur:<\/p>\n
-yol k\u0259narlar\u0131nda a\u00e7\u0131q \u015f\u0259kild\u0259 k\u0259silib sat\u0131lan, baytarl\u0131q-sanitariya ekspertizas\u0131ndan ke\u00e7m\u0259y\u0259n v\u0259 antisanitar \u015f\u0259raitd\u0259 f\u0259aliyy\u0259t g\u00f6st\u0259r\u0259n k\u0259sim yerl\u0259rind\u0259n \u0259t m\u0259hsullar\u0131 al\u0131nmas\u0131n;<\/p>\n
-\u0259t sat\u0131\u015f\u0131 il\u0259 birba\u015fa m\u0259\u015f\u011ful olan \u015f\u0259xsl\u0259rin f\u0259rdi m\u00fchafiz\u0259 vasit\u0259l\u0259rind\u0259n (xalat, \u0259lc\u0259k, maska) istifad\u0259 etm\u0259si t\u0259l\u0259b olunsun;<\/p>\n
-t\u0259z\u0259 k\u0259silmi\u015f \u0259t al\u0131nd\u0131qdan sonra d\u0259rhal istifad\u0259 edilm\u0259sin v\u0259 yuxar\u0131da qeyd edilmi\u015f qaydalara uy\u011fun “yeti\u015fm\u0259si\u201d t\u0259min olunsun;<\/p>\n
-mikroorqanizml\u0259rin d\u0259rid\u0259ki k\u0259sikl\u0259r v\u0259 z\u0259d\u0259l\u0259r vasit\u0259sil\u0259 insana yoluxmas\u0131 ehtimal\u0131 y\u00fcks\u0259k oldu\u011funu n\u0259z\u0259r\u0259 alaraq, \u0259t do\u011franan zaman \u0259ll\u0259rin z\u0259d\u0259l\u0259nm\u0259m\u0259si \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn maksimum ehtiyatl\u0131 olmaq laz\u0131md\u0131r;<\/p>\n
– \u0259tin do\u011franmas\u0131nda istifad\u0259 edil\u0259n k\u0259sici al\u0259tl\u0259r v\u0259 taxtalar m\u00fck\u0259mm\u0259l yuyulub t\u0259mizl\u0259nm\u0259lidir; do\u011franma ba\u015fa \u00e7atd\u0131qdan sonra al\u0259tl\u0259r t\u0259krar t\u0259mizl\u0259nm\u0259li, yuyulmal\u0131 v\u0259 dezinfeksiya olunmal\u0131d\u0131r;<\/p>\n
-\u0259t dig\u0259r \u00e7iy qida m\u0259hsullar\u0131 il\u0259 eyni yerd\u0259 saxlanmamal\u0131d\u0131r. Bel\u0259 hal \u00e7arpaz \u00e7irkl\u0259nm\u0259nin (\u0259td\u0259 olan mikroorqanizml\u0259rin dig\u0259r qidalara n\u00fcfuz etm\u0259si) ba\u015f verm\u0259sin\u0259 s\u0259b\u0259b ola bil\u0259r;<\/p>\n
-\u0259t \u00e7iy \u015f\u0259kild\u0259 deyil, yaln\u0131z m\u00fcvafiq qaydada m\u00fck\u0259mm\u0259l bi\u015firildikd\u0259n sonra istehlak edilm\u0259lidir.<\/p>\n
Qeyd olunanlar n\u0259z\u0259r\u0259 al\u0131narsa, \u0259tin istehlak\u0131 zaman\u0131 \u0259m\u0259l\u0259 g\u0259l\u0259n t\u0259hl\u00fck\u0259l\u0259r azalar v\u0259 insan orqanizmi \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn bu vacib m\u0259hsuldan enerji m\u0259nb\u0259yi kimi daha \u00e7ox faydalanmaq olar.<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n
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